Definition Of Behavior Modification Obsessive Compulsive...

ïÆ'Ëœ Definition of Behavior modification : Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior, analyzing means identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behavior for understanding the reasons of behavior or to determine why a person behaved as he or she did, modifying means developing and implementing procedures to help people change their own behavior, It involves altering environmental events so as to impacts behavior, behavior modification procedures are developed by professionals and used for change socially significant behaviors, with the goal of improving some aspect of a person’s life following are some characteristics that define believer modification ïÆ'Ëœ Indication: 1. Obsessissive-compulsive behavior (OCD) : Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts and behaviors that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over 2. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): It is a brain disorder, marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. †¢ Inattention means a person wanders off task, lacks persistence, has difficulty sustaining focus and disorganized and these problems are not due to defiance or lack of comprehension. †¢ Hyperactivity means a person seems to move about constantly, including inShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1726 Words   |  7 PagesObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) was once considered a rare disease, but today, it is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders present among society. OCD is described as â€Å"intrusive thoughts or images (obsessions), which increase anxiety, and by repetitive or ritualistic actions (compulsions), which decrease anxiety† (Stein, 2002). In the DSM-IV, Obsessive compulsive disorder can be diagnosed through observable behaviours or repetitive mental habits. Symptoms include; the constant washingRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesCOGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD This page intentionally left blank COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD DAVID A. CLARK THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London  © 2004 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved Paperback edition 2007 Except as noted, no part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreDefinition Of Behavior Modification : The Field Of Psychologyconcerned With Analyzing And Modifying Human Behavior Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesïÆ'Ëœ Definition of Behavior modification : Behavior modificationis the field of psychologyconcerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior. Analyzing means identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behavior to understand the reasons for behavior or to determine why a personbehaved as he or she did. Modifying means developing and implementing procedures to help people change their Belvoir. It involves altering environmental events so as to influence behaviorRead MoreAutism Is A Mental Condition Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of Autism is a mental condition, resent from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Autism is not classified as a disease, it is a mental condition. Some symptoms might be poor eye contact, compulsive and repetitive behaviors, repetitive movements, unaware of others emotions, depression, anxiety, change in voice, and obsessive inter ests. Autism makes it hard for a personRead MoreGender Equality Is A Key Tool For Proceeding Development And Dropping Down The Level Of Poverty3131 Words   |  13 Pagesgender-neutral social should be the goal of equality. Additionally, the differential conduct notion of likeness is the entitlement that biological differences do, in detail, exist as palpable and actual, and that organizing treatment about these modifications is not unsatisfactory, so extended as these organic differences are precisely defined. Another side is that equivalence is fair action, is an intellect a response to both of the preceding two claims. Fairness as indistinguishable treatment undertakesRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagescontacts are needed they can be found by using the means stated in the sources part of the research. The excel file gives furthermore general information about private insurance companies and an overview of how many people do have which mental disorder in Germany. In the report the promotional part gives an overview of means to use regarding the target groups being looked at by Brainquiry. The final report of the Netherlands consist of following parts: excel files, explanation according to

Cyber Threat Intelligence Based On Cyber Threats - 1612 Words

Introduction Security Officers must obtain a consensus for which mitigating controls are key, which can be a trying negotiation between the CISO, Chief Technology Officer, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI), Infrastructure Engineering, Audit and Assurance teams, and the Investment and Audit committees. How do you harness your entire organization to focus on a common agreed-upon list of key security controls? By defining key controls based on cyber threats (translated into business risks), an organization can more easily right-size the its control set and adapt it to their needs. Risk assessment processes that are near real-time, gated by the change control process, provide continuous feedback on the sufficiency of controls within an†¦show more content†¦Think of your organizational assets from the eyes of an attacker motivated by crime, espionage, hacktivism and even warfare. In other words, what are our Top Threats and how do we know? Interview the Chief Risk Officer and Business Unit leadership and ask them â€Å"what keeps you up at night?†. Then tie these answers to Corporate objectives and strategies in a Risk Register. Get agreement on key controls and downstream decision impacts. A systematic risk-based approach to information security, as ISO31000 describes, driven by periodic threat-based risk assessments, ensures that security efforts address risks in an effective and timely manner where and when needed. Risk Management processes, measures and taxonomy: ISO 31000 Risk Management Standard SO 31000 describes a framework for implementing risk management. As ISO 31000 depicts, it’s essential to manage your cybersecurity program within a continually improving management oversight wrapper. Make risk management an integral part of your organization’s management approach. Emphasize the need to communicate and consult with both external and internal stakeholders, Continuously monitor and review your organization’s risk management process (including SOC playbooks and CSIRT response scenarios). ISO 31000:2009 - Framework for Managing Risk The Art of Cyber Risk Prioritization Compliance and broad checklists createShow MoreRelatedPrevention / Containment Measures For Cyber Threats1406 Words   |  6 Pages1. Prevention/Containment Measures for Cyber Threats. Protecting classified documents or valuable information is very hard against any kind of cyber-terrorism, there are no universal safeguards. There is no existence of any agreement or policy to define cyber-terrorism. Threats can come from hackers, criminal group or terrorist group; governments use computers and internet to attack without knowing the victims. It is not easy to stop such attacks but not impossible to stop if following basic preventionRead MoreCyber Security Role For Homeland Security Intelligence1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe intelligence community itself has made a major shift of how it operates, what are its priorities and its ability to protect the nation in the entry of the 21st century. The attacks on 9/11 greatly changed the way we see the world now and has shown major flaws within the intelligence community. Those events led the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and with it pooled federal agencies into in umbrella for it to be centralized in order to be effective. There are three categories inRead MoreHow Online Business And Communication Is An Indispensable Part Of Today s Merging Era Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesborders but huge emphasis is laid to secure the countries from computer networking. The impact of online business and communication is an indispensable part of today’s merging era. Unlike traditional wars of using military, weapons and air campaigns; cyber war is more fearful to civilians as it threatens their peace without even been seen. It is quite challenging to identify the ghost in wires, it can be a person, a group of people or it can be a nation behind this intrusion. Former director of theRead MoreHow Information Security Has Become A Critical Function Within All Organizations Across The World1719 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve the exploitation of these vulnerabilities. As a result, many organizations have implemented controls to detect and identify threats before hackers successfully hack into an organization and cause irreparable damage. There are several threat indicators which allow security analysts to determine when a system is hacked. This paper will explain the current state of threat indicators as well as their formatting. In addition, it will discuss the various standards that are in place and will review theRead MoreGermanys Current Cyber Strategy1564 Words   |  7 Pagesseparate countries, Belgium, and Russia, and examine what their cyber strategies are pertaining to warfare and defense or security, and current capabilities of these countries regarding cyber-attacks or warfare. We will also be looking at the potential risks these cou ntries present to the United States and the best was the United States can defend against these potential or emerging threats. First, let us examine Belgium’s current cyber strategy. Belgium is primarily focused on defensive with almostRead MoreCyber Security And Cyber Attacks Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Cyber security is a major concern for every department, business, and citizen of the United States because technology impacts every aspect of our daily lives. The more we use technology the more complacent, we get with the information that is stored within our cyber networks. The more complacent, we get, the more vulnerable we become to cyber-attacks because we fail to update the mechanisms that safeguard our information. Breaches to security networks are detrimental to personal,Read MoreCyber Surveillance And Cyber Security Monitoring1021 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Cyber analytics is a branch of analytics that systematically provides the analysis of the data pertaining to the domain of computers and network. It basically, tells the story behind cyber data. Cyber analytics is used to support computer security, computer or network administration, auditing, and several other application areas.† Implementation Cyber Security Monitoring To perform adaptive cyber-security analytics using a computer implemented method that includes receiving a report on a networkRead MorePolicing Cybercrime : Police And Armed Forces1174 Words   |  5 PagesPolicing Cybercrime Strategy 3.1 Police and Armed Forces. In this chapter, the policing cyber strategy is discussed and will show that the unique organisational structure of the UK police force means that policing cyber strategy varies from county to county in the UK; although each regional force operated with the same objective. Within the UK strategy is the criminalisation of certain cyber activity . with Cyber Security Strategies containing elements of cybercrime control, therefore a Criminal JusticeRead MoreThe Fbi Agents And The Criminal Law Of The United States1615 Words   |  7 Pagesdangers that we cannot deal with. The FBI agents have an impact on our nation because they defend us against counterfeiting, terrorist attacks and cyber-based attacks. The FBI is a treat-based and intelligence driven national security organization. There mission is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to help enforce the criminal law of the United States. FBI Agents also have the opportunity to investigate specific crimes assigned to them andRead MoreU.s. National Security : The World s Largest Country Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesWith the focus on terror-based groups and the Middle East over the last fifteen years, many in the United States (US) are unfamiliar with the threat more conventional nation-states pose to the country’s national security. China, Iran, and Russia are seen as the three biggest threats to U.S. national security. Although Russia does not dominate the intelligence disciplines of HUMINT, OSINT, and cyber, its strengths in SIGINT, IMINT, and MASINT make it the biggest threat to the US. HUMINT Russia’s

RED- by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Taylor Swift- One of the few artists we can truly say affect our generation in a positive way. Stunning, mature and aware that she has an influence. Her 4th studio album, RED was released on 22nd October 2012 and I was one of the first people to grab a copy on that Monday morning. It is a 16-track beauty with the songstress touching upon every possible genre of music to face this earth. The album starts off with ‘State of Grace’ a rock-influenced introduction to the record. It acts as a warning as to what the album will contain- an insight to Swift’s chaotic love live from her perspective. With the heavy guitars and breathy background vocals, State of Grace not only introduces listeners to Taylor Swift’s new sound, but to the more tragic songs on the album. Next is ‘Red’ where Swift goes back to her roots with the up-beat country-pop song with a total of 13 heart-wrenching similes. The auto-tuned stutter of ‘red-ed-ed-ed’ in the chorus is like marmite: you either love it or you hate it, but it definitely adds something more mainstream to the otherwise typically ‘Taylor Swift’ tune. ‘Treacherous’ is a beautiful acoustic track with a ground-breaking echo-filled bridge. It’s filled with the simple strung of guitars with a taste of Taylor Swift’s insight into adult relationships and temptation. Dan Wilson did an excellent job of producing the track and brings exactly the right amount to sensitivity into the track. After the sweet country ballad, comes ‘I Knew Young Trouble’ a dubstep-influenced track bursting full of thrilling bass lines and rocky beats. This is definitely Taylor’s biggest step out of country music, but she has done it effectively with her play on lyrics and clear emotions remaining center-stage. The highlight of Taylor Swift’s album is ‘All Too Well’ the next track on the record. In my opinion, it is a perfect representation of what the lyricist is about: not just the blonde girl with the guitar, but a woman who can tell a story so beautifully that a song can make you cry or laugh from a few simple words. It’s a story of a relationship that went tragically wrong and Taylor Swift’s dramatic vocals and the electric guitars bring out the pure emotion of the song. ‘22’ is a poppy, up-beat tune that will have teenage girls jumping with joy in their bedrooms. It’s the story of living in your 20’s and letting go to just have fun. I can see it as an ultimate girl power anthem to rival the Spice Girls or Katy Perry. ‘I Almost Do’ is the probably the song on the album that is most influenced by country music and is reminiscent of Swift’s older music, back when she was 16 years old and singing with her guitar and cowboy boots in front of tiny audiences. The distinct twang of guitars compliments Taylor’s sultry tone. Obviously, ‘We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together’ is one of the most talked about songs of 2012. The poppy anthem clearly displays Swift’s ability to not only write and sing well, but create humor within a song. Max Martin and Shellback did well producing the song, labelling it a pop single but not separating her so far away from her roots that she is unrecognizable. ‘Stay Stay Stay’ is a cheerful country song not unlike 2010’s ‘Ours’ and the joyous ukulele lightens the album’s mood a considerable amount. The first collaboration on the record is ‘The Last Time’ and features Gary Lightbody from Snow Patrol. You might think this an odd alliance, but his deep vocal compliment Swift’s more girlish tones. The duet is a piano-based track with heavy piano chords and operatic strings which creates a hypnotic effect throughout the song. ‘Holy Ground’ is one of the stand-out tracks on the album. Jeff Basker produces the track beautifully with the echoing guitars and over-lapping background vocals. This song demonstrates Swift’s lyrical talent with her describing the ups and downs of a relationship. â€Å"Spinning like a girl in a brand new dress, we had this big wide city all to ourselves; we blocked the noise with the sound of ‘I need you’ and for the first time I had something to lose.† ‘Sad, Beautiful, Tragic’ is a calm, country song with the chorus consisting of simple lyrics and compelling guitar tunes. It reminds me of the story of Romeo and Juliet with the enthralling yet devastating plot. ‘The Lucky One’ describes Swift’s fears of losing herself through fame and regretting her actions. The rhythmic drum beats and mesmerizing vocals make the song as catchy as it is meaningful. The second of Taylor Swift’s duets is with UK folk sensation, Ed Sheeran. ‘E verything Has Changed’ is a delightfully sweet track with the two songwriter’s voices harmonizing exquisitely. Sheeran has a stunning tone to his voice and stands out, but doesn’t over-shadow his partner. ‘Starlight’ is another catchy tune with a pretty piano tune hidden amongst the pounding beat and bubblegum guitar solos. This song probably doesn’t broadcast Swift’s best lyrical talent or eye for ground-breaking Top 40 singles, but it’s a refreshing track to have on the otherwise forlorn record. The last track on the album is Taylor Swift’s 2nd single from RED, the country song ‘Begin Again.’ It’s a charming song with a clean harmonica tune in the background. It’s perfect for ending the album stating that throughout all that she’s been through, Swift is ready to move on. Overall, this album is diverse and uplifting compared to the more troubled or solemn albums of 2012. Taylor Swift st ill sings her pure country songs (Begin Again, I Almost Do) but has reached out to a more poppy and mainstream style (WANEGBT, 22, I Knew You Were Trouble ect.) For me, the best songs on the album demonstrate how talented and varied Swift can be with any genre such as All Too Well, Treacherous and Holy Ground. It is simply one of the best records of 2012 and because of that, I urge people who appreciate all genres to listen. Just think about this. Taylor Swift has at least 31 million fans. Each concert she does has around 80,000 people. She has more fans than Australia has people. Her fans make up 0.0045318278289028% of the world’s population. Is she was a country, she would be the 39th largest country in the world. Taylor Swift is a phenomenon. And RED definitely broadcast her fearlessness and undeniable talent.

Vascular Dementia Is A Health Disorderâ€Free Samples For Students

Question: Discuss About The Vascular Dementia Is A Health Disorder? Answer: Introducation Vascular dementia is a health disorder in which there is inadequate supply of blood to the brain. It occurs in individuals who have a high blood pressure and cholesterol level, diabetes and smoking habit. But around 50% cases of vascular dementia in individuals occur due hypertension. It has been reported in the year 2017that there are more than413,106Australian people living with dementia. It leads to impairment in planning, judgment and reasoning in patients. It mostly occurs along with Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease mainly leads to forgetfulness in patients. Mrs. Janet in the case study, experiences some of those symptoms. The diagnosis of vascular dementia Mrs. Janet McKay who is a 86 year old widow has drastically affected her average daily living. She lives in the Sunset Residential aged Care Facility.She has recently returned from an acute care hospital after undergoing a hip replacement surgery and rehabilitation. Mrs. Janet is suffering from an early stage of Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia which is in a progressing condition .She argues with her staff when they wish to take her for shower. Once she pushed her carer away from herself when he tried to take her for shower. Mrs. Janet is on a few medications currently such as Paracetamol OSTEO TDS, 100mg daily aspirin and 0.2 mg nocte despmopressin. However, in this essay three nursing issues that have been prioritized. Risk of falls due to decreased mobility as well as emotional distress and anxiety will be explained further following the eight stages of clinical reasoning cycle of Levett-Jones. Vascular dementia management Management of Vascular dementia is crucial for the patients to improve their quality of life. It involves the administration of anti platelet drugs and control of vascular risk factors that occur on a major basis. It is reported that Aspirin plays a significant role in slowing the progression of vascular dementia. Antidepressants are also considered safe and effective treatment in treating symptoms of dementia. There are several nursing interventions to manage the disease. Relatedly, Mrs. Janet is also experiencing similar symptoms. She not able to reach washroom on time. She also has a large skin tear on her lower leg as she bumped her leg against the wheelie walker. She takes the support of a wheelie walker but forgets to use it in a regular manner. Janet always had strong opinions and she has always been living independently. Thirdly, establishing goal for Mrs. Janet is vital so that she could maintain her disease and continue to improve her quality of life. The main goal in her case is that she is able to walk freely (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2017 explain that she should be advised a few exercises and to lower down the pain. Nurses should follow proper strategies so that the health of Mrs. Janet is improved and she is able to walk freely. There are several tools for the assessment of pain that can be used if she is feeling uncomfortable (Wall et al., 2014).The nurses should treat her empathy and be courteous and respectful towards her. She should be given proper counseling so that she can explain the severity of the pain she is suffering from. The clinicians should be supportive and should provide guidelines on the various precautions to be taken. Lastly, various tools for the assessment of pain should be used if she is feeling discomfort. They should also make sure they solve their problems and issues. Mrs. Janet should be treated empathetically and with courteousness and should be counseled properly so that she can explain the severity of her pain. Improving the mobility of the patient Vascular dementia may lead to a large number of symptoms such as changes in thinking and perception, confusion, disorientation issues in speaking or understanding speech and the loss of vision. Similar case is with Mrs. Janet because a gradual increase in her symptoms will affect her mobility and limit her daily activities. Falls risk assessment would be another process to acquire the information about her risk of falls. Community nurses, moreover, require taking appropriate actions along with Diana to achieve the goal of minimizing falls and improve her average daily living. The nursing staff and the clinicians should help Mrs. Janet in exercising regularly and provide physiotherapy sessions which would play a significant role in improving her mobility. They should investigate and keep in track if she is suffering from severe pain. It would help her in gaining mobility take control by herself which would make her independent gain (Huber, 2013).Since, Mrs. Janet is suffering from an early stage of Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia she should be provided palliative care which is a special type of care given to patients. It should be given to her in an efficient way which would help her to get rid from physical pain and stress. It involves the collaborative efforts of several clinicians, nursing staff to help the patient in getting well soon and improve their health. There are several nursing care goals for providing priority nursing care in relation to the nursing issues that have been identified. Mrs. Janet should be empowered and provided care by understanding her needs and demands. She should also be provided psychosocial care that will help her to get rid of depressive symptoms, pain and anxiety developed due to surgery. She should be advised to follow a few precautions to manage emotional issues like taking regular exercise and a well balanced diet. She should also discuss her issues with other patients who had undergone the hip replacement surgery. Lastly, the evaluation in Mrs. Janets mobility and risk of falls could be acquired through the assessment of falls risk and postural inability and gait disability scale. Nutrition and hydration It is very important to have a well balanced diet and plenty of fluids in patients suffering from vascular dementia and who have undergone hip replacement surgery. Hence .Mrs. Janet should be advised to have a nutritional diet along with plenty of fluids which would help in the regeneration of tissue and healing. She should be advised protective measures to avoid various kinds of infection, injuries after the patient has under gone surgery. They should wash hands in a regular manner as it is significant in preventing infection. The nursing staff should use clean and aseptic techniques in order to prevent contamination (Ball et al., 2013). The main goal in the case of Mrs. Janet is that she recovers soon after the surgery. She should be given proper antibiotics, that is Paracetamol OSTEO TDS as prescribed by the doctor. Nursing care for Mrs. Janet are that she should be encouraged to take appropriate amount of rest which would help in conserving her energy and avoid fatigue. She should be advised several exercises such lifting weight swimming and cycling to increase the strength of her muscles which would prevent the risk of fall while walking. There are various risks involved with hip replacement surgery such as cramps and pain in muscles, sleep issues and depression. Mrs. Janet can also be provided counseling with a health counselor to share her feelings that will help her in feeling positive( Epstein Turner,2015). The doctors and the nursing staff should provide proper care and post- operative follow ups to Mrs. Janet. Mrs. Janet should be counseled and guided properly to take appropriate rest and several precautions to improve the condition of her health. She should be advised to follow the principles of self- actualization which is known to lead to a healthy mental state and will foster to improve her positive attributes and do not focus on their negative attributes. She would be self-determined and have a high self esteem (Niemela Kim, 2014). Lastly, the evaluation of the nutritional and fluid content can be done by performing several blood tests to check for the level of water, iron, vitamins and proteins in her body. She should also be asked about her mental and emotional issues or problems to assess her psychological status such as if he is still suffering from depression, anxiety, sadness, anger or frustration (Ehde et. al.2014). The nursing staff should process the information gathered by them by analyzing the data by proper understanding of important signs and symptoms in the patient They should discriminate correct from incorrect information to avoid any errors in the treatment procedure. Hence, it can be concluded that if Mrs. Janet is provided proper nursing care by the nursing staff and other health care professionals she will recover soon and improve her life. A proper communication to patients plays an important role in improving the hospital journey and reduces the anxiety, stress and depressive symptoms. Regular follow-ups should also be conducted for Mrs. Janet to keep a check on her health. It may lead to mental issues such as depression and may have an adverse effect on the psychological condition of the patient. The nurses and other healthcare professionals should help her and provide psychosocial care along with palliative care so that she gets well soon. The nurses and the healthcare professionals should relate the information of Mrs. Janet in order to develop a relationship between them. They should also consider if there are nay alternatives and perform a logical interpretation of the opinions that are being made. They should compare the present and the past condition of the patient by performing an expert process and finally predict an outcome. The facts obtained and the inferences should be synthesized to lead to a proper diagnosis of the problem. They should establish a proper goal and take proper action on the same. The staff should evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies used and finally reflect what they have learnt from that particular situation. References Ball, J. E., Murrells, T., Rafferty, A. M., Morrow, E., Griffiths, P. (2013). Care left undoneduring nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care.Quality and Safety in Health Care, bmjqs-2012. Daly, J., Speedy, S., Jackson, D. (2017).Contexts of nursing: An introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ehde, D. M., Dillworth, T. M., Turner, J. A. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with chronic pain: Efficacy, innovations, and directions for research.American Psychologist,69(2), 153. Epstein, B., Turner, M. (2015). The nursing code of ethics: Its value, its history.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,20(2). Huber, D. (2013).Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Wall, P., Andrus, P., Morrison, P. (2014). Bridging the theory practice gap through clinical simulations in a nursing under-graduate degree program in Australia.International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research,8(1). Lehne, R. A., Rosenthal, L. (2014).Pharmacology for Nursing Care-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Niemela, P., Kim, S. (2014). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands. Maslow, A. H. (2013).Toward a psychology of being. Simon and Schuster. Mischel, T. (Ed.). (2013).Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press.

Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Essay Example

Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Paper Leadership Styles, High-Quality Leader-Follower (LMX) Relationships and Job Performance The current globalized economic environment is becoming increasingly dynamic and competitive forcing organizations to improve their business practices to overcome greater challenges with more flexibility, efficiency and innovation in products and internal processes (Walumbwa et al. 2005, p. 235). Certainly, there is fundamental evidence of the positive association of leadership style and the influence on follower’s behaviour as a consistent way to improve job performance and organizational outcomes (Vaccaro et al. 2010). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles on leader member exchange relationships, job performance and job satisfaction. By using theories such Weber’s conceptualization of charismatic leadership, Burns’ transactional leadership and Bass’ Four I’s of transformational leadership, this paper acknowledge the superiority of transformational over transactional leadership style in developing high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships, increasing followers’ job performance and Job satisfaction. Recalling previous studies which asserted the dependence of leadership effectiveness on culture and organizational size (Paul et al. 001), it seems clear that transformational leadership is a more suitable leadership style for small, large and complex companies across cultures facing the challenges of globalization of markets. The superiority of transformational leadership style in building high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships is given to the practice of one or more of the Four I’s leadership behaviour. Firstly, Idealized influence through a charismatic behavi our will illustrate the positive influence on followers and their performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational vs Transactional Leadership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational vs Transactional Leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational vs Transactional Leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is followed by the ability to motivate team work and the achievement of general goals that produce personal satisfaction and commitment with the company (inspirational motivation). Furthermore, intellectual stimulation will certainly demonstrate how innovation and creativeness is promoted and their impact on organizational results. Finally, individualized consideration in hand with LMX theory will provide an example of the undoubted benefits of dyadic relationships in ‘in-group’ such greater loyalty and commitment. Leadership styles, high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships and Job performance. Focusing in the work of Burns (1978) and Bass (1985) on leadership behaviours, transformational and transactional leadership have been the objective of various research in order to capture the extent to which leaders influence subordinates by involving them in the organization’s goals, or by specifying the rewards that will follow the accomplishment of those goals (Rubin et al. 2005; Yammarino et al. 1997) According to Podsakoff et al. 1990) a fundamental characteristic of transformational leadership behaviour is the ability to create a compelling vision for the organization, providing an appropriate model consistent with that vision, stimulating the acceptance of group goals, expecting high performance, providing individualized support and intellectual stimulation. In contrast, transactional leadership is primarily concern with gaining compliance from subordinates by using a contingent re ward dimension or a passive form of managing by exception. The leader specifies what is expected from organizational members and the subsequent reward for its accomplishment (Bass and Avolio 1990). According to LMX theory, a high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationship, usually associated with dyads in the ‘in-groups’ of the organization, emphasizes in fundamental levels of loyalty, commitment, respect, affection, mutual trust and the possibility of mutual linking between leaders and followers (House et al. 1993). Transformational rather than transactional leadership is more likely to achieve this superior level in the follower-leader relationship by developing one or more of the Four I’s; Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (Bass, BM and Avolio, BJ (eds. ) 1994). Idealized influence A transformational leader acts in a way that becomes a role model or inspirational image for his/her followers (Zhang, X, Cao, Q and Tjosvold, D 2010) usually attributed to his/her charismatic approach. Certainly, charisma in meant to be a requirement for transformational leadership. According to Weber (1947) a charismatic leadership can inspire and motivate people to do more than originally intended. What is more, they can influence followers by arousing strong emotions in support of the organizational vision, creating a leader-follower relationship based on a common value system between leader, follower and organization (Paul et al. 2001). Towler (2003) demonstrated that workers who received a charismatic-training performed better on their knowledge test and were more satisfied with the task. Unlike, transactional leadership emphasizes in the transaction that takes place with followers based on explicit discussion of the rewards they will receive if they fulfil the requirements. As a consequence, the relationship with is limited to the leader’s ability to control the outcomes desired by followers. However, as Dorfman et al. (1999) argued, charismatic behaviour can have a negative implication on societies with a history of autocratic and despotic leaders. Inspirational motivation Undoubtedly, the contingent transactional reinforcement system motivates followers to perform in such adequate way in order to obtain the reward. However, through this system, followers’ job performance, as well as commitment, is strongly limited to fulfil the requirements of the contract in a self-satisfying attitude (Avolio,BJ, Bass, BM and Jung, DI 1999) rather than a commitment with the leader and organizational vision he/she has established. Contrary, transformational leaders promote an organizational citizenship behaviour in which team-supporting behaviours augment followers’ identification with group values. The leader motivates them to transcend from a self-concept to be committed with cooperative team goals. Followers find themself intrinsically motivated to fulfil a collective vision without expecting immediate personal and tangible gains (Wang et al. 2005). Intellectual stimulation Transformational leaders stimulate employees’ effort to be innovative and creative by questioning assumption, reframing problems and approaching situations in different ways (Vaccaro et al. 2010, p. 2). On the other hand, as Podsakoff et al, (1990) exposed, transactional leadership consist in two dimensions; Contingent reward systems, which emphasizes the institution of clear and precise agreements, and management by exception that promotes highly leadership involvement and intervention in order to monitor and ectify any divergence form standards. Amibile (1998) claims that both dimensions inhibit creativity and discourage the initiative to address new ways to facing the work. Although, currently research fail to demonstrate a universal leadership phenomena (Walumbwa et al. 2005, p. 235), transformational leadership, by using intellectual stimulation behaviours, exhibit a cross-cultural benefit on commitment, innovation and job performance, all of them being characteristics of high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationship. Avolio, Zhu, Koh, and Puja (2004), by gathering data from staff nurses in a large public hospital in Singapore, found a positive association between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Likewise, Geyer and Steyrer (1998), as a result of a research in Australian banks, reported that transformational leadership had positive effects on employees’ level of effort and task performance. Individual consideration A transactional leader properly identifies employees’ needs in order to make the accurate motivational transactions; as a result, both parts expectations are met and job satisfactions is improved. However the exchange is usually limited to economic or tangible benefits and does not promote leader-follower relationships. In contrast, a transformational leader pays special attention to follower’s individual needs in a widely range, such achievement and growth, by acting as a coach or mentor. The leader demonstrate acceptance for individual differences, promote two-way exchange communication and sees the individual as a person rather than as just an employee (Bass, BM and Avolio, BJ (eds. 1994). In this extent, transformational leader promotes the creation of dyadic relationships with ‘in-group’ members which usually have a high-quality relationship with the leader and are expected to be more loyal to the leader, and perform in a greater extent as an exchange for intangible benefits like career development, participation in decision making, and access to information, between others (Vaccaro et al. 2010, p. 2). According to Deluga (1992), individualized consideration and charisma were two transformational leadership factors that predicted LMX and are the cause for subordinates to behave in ways (such as making extra efforts) that strengthen relational ties with the leader. Conclusion It seems clear that transformational and transactional leadership have positive relationship with organization outcomes; however this paper clearly stated the superiority of transformational leadership on building high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships based on the development of the Four I’s. First, by using a charismatic approach, transformational leaders create an idealize influence that augment follower’s emotions and commitment with the leader and organizational vision. Second, this paper claimed that by using inspirational motivating behaviour, leaders motivates followers to transcend from self-interest to commitment cooperative goals which led them to perform without expecting immediate personal benefits. In contrast, the transactional exchange-relationship with followers was meant to be limited to the interest on the reward promised as exchange for their task accomplishment in a very self-satisfying attitude. Given the importance of innovation in today’s organizations, intellectual stimulation was consider to be fundamentally related to followers’ commitment and organization increase on job performance and competitiveness. Unlike, by delimiting the outcome expected from followers and the reward system, transactional leadership was appeared to harm innovation in organization. Not different is the outcome of using managing by exception dimension. Finally, by having an individual consideration, transformational leadership are more likely to developed high-quality relationship members that are expected to be more loyal and perform in greater extent without expecting immediate tangible benefits. In contrast, commitment and higher achievement with a transactional leadership was limited to the exchange of direct economic and tangible benefits. Overall, due to the development of followers and their potential, transformational leadership is assumed to be more appropriate for many different types of companies and situations at any level across cultures. Reference list Amabile, TM 1998. ‘How to kill creativity’. Harvard Business Review, vol. 76, pp. 76–87. Avolio, BJ, Bass, BM, Jung, DI 1999, ‘Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire’. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 72, no 4, pp. 441–462. Avolio, B J, Zhu, W, Koh, W, Puja, B 2004, ‘Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance’. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, vol. 4, pp. 1–18. Bass, BM, Avolio, BJ 1990, ‘The Implications of transactional and transformational Leadership for individual, team and organizational development’. Research in Organizational Change and Development, vol. 4, pp. 231–72. Bass, B. M. Avolio, B. J. (eds. ) 1994, Improving organizational effectiveness through transformatio nal leadership, Sage Publications, London. Deluga, R J 1992, ‘The relationship of leader-member exchanges with laissez-faire, transactional, and transformational leadership’. Impact of leadership. pp. 237–247. Dorfman, PW, Howell, JP, Hibino, S, Lee, JK, Tate, U, Bautista, A 1997, ‘Leadership in Western and Asian countries: Communalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures’. Leadership Quarterly, vol. 8, no 3, pp. 233–274. Felfe, J, Tartler, K and Liepmann, D 2004, ‘Advanced Research in the Field of Transformational Leadership. Zeitschrift fur Personalforschung – German Journal of Human Resource Research. Special Research Forum, vol. 18, pp. 262–88. Geyer, A, Steyrer, J 1998, ‘Transformational leadership and objective performance in banks’. Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 7, no 3, pp. 397–420. House and Aditya; RC, Liden and Maslyn JM 1993, ‘Scale development for a multidimensional mesur of Leader-Member exchange’, Paper presented at annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, Georgia. Paul, J, Costley, DL, Howell, JP, Dorfma, PW 2001, ‘The effects of cha rismatic leadership on followers’ self-concept accessibility’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1821-1 844. Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Moorman, RH, Fetter, R 1990, ‘Transformational leader behaviours and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Leadership Quarterly, vol. 1, pp. 107–142. Rubin, RS, Munz, DC, Bommer, WH 2005, ‘Leading from within: the effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior’. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 48, pp. 845–58. Towler, AJ 2003, ‘Effects of charismatic in? uence training on attitudes, behaviour, and performance’. Personnel Psychology, vol. 56, no 2, pp. 363–381. Vaccaro, IG, Jansen, JJ, Van Den Bosch, FA, Volberda, HW 2010, ‘Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size’, Journal of Management Studies, pp. -23. Walumbwa, FO, Orwa, B, Wang, P, Lawler, JJ 2005, ‘Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and U. S. financial firms’, Human resource development quarterly, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 235-265. Wang, H, Law, K, Hackett, R, Wang, D, Chen ZX 2005, ‘Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behaviour’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 420-432. Weber, M 1947, ‘The theory of social and economic organizations’, translated by T. Parson, New York. Yammarino, FJ, Dubinsky, A J, Comer, LB, Jolson, MA 1997, ‘Women and transformational and contingent reward leadership: a multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective’. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, pp. 205–22. Zhang, X, Cao, Q, Tjosvold, D 2010, ‘Linking transformational leadership and team Performance: A con? ict management approach’, Journal of Management Studies, pp. 1-26.

How to Say ___ in French - French Translation Help

How to Say ___ in French - French Translation Help If youre wondering how to say something in French, youve come to the right place. I get a lot of questions about how to say this or that in French; Ive provided links to answers to the most common of these at the end of this article. But of course I cant anticipate every question, so here are some tips and resources to help you find out how to say anything in French.1) If you speak some French, your best bet is to use a French dictionary - but the right way. French word order and syntax are very different than English, and if you just look up a bunch of different words and string them together, youll probably end up with nonsense.2) You can also try searching this site - with over 6,000 pages, its a good bet that Ive written a lesson including the word or phrase youre looking for. Just type your search in the box in the upper right corner, and click search.3) If you dont speak any French, you might be tempted to use an online translator, but this, too, is a tool that must be used w ith caution. 4) The best way to find out how to say something in French is to ask a native speaker. If you dont know any, youre in luck: our forum is filled with French speakers who are ready to answer your questions - within reason. While we wont translate paragraphs or write letters for you, we are happy to answer your questions, translate short passages, and offer corrections. Common Questions How do you say Happy birthday in French?How do you say Hello in French?How do you say How are you? in French?How do you say I love you in French?How do you say please and thank you in French?How do you say Merry Christmas in French?How do you say no in French?How do you say to be in French?How do you say what in French?How do you say yes in French?How do you say the colors in French?How do you say the months in French?How do you say the numbers in French? And if youre wondering how to say how do you say ___ in French? in French, its comment dit-on ___ en franà §ais  ? You can hear a sound file of this and other useful phrases in my essential French lesson.

Personality of Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personality of Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example In the last part, the paper will discuss the different methods of assessing personality and the related results. Personality of Abraham Lincoln Introduction Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States and led the country to victory during the American Civil War (Sandburg, 2002). He contributed immensely towards ending slavery in America. He was a lawyer by profession before he was elected as President. He had previously served as Illinois State legislator and a member of the House of Representatives (Sandburg, 2002). His Presidency was marked with abolition of slavery, neutralization of the war in United Kingdom and defeat of secessionists. He is regarded as one of the most remembered Presidents in US history (Sandburg, 2002). Abraham Lincoln was born on 12 February 1809 in Southeast Hardin County. His father was Thomas Lincoln and his mother was Nancy Hanks. Though his parents were not educated, they were respected and affluent citizens of Kentucky back country. The family was forced to move to Indiana in 1816 (Sandburg, 2002). His mother later died from milk sickness when he was nine years. His father remarried Sarah Bush who Lincoln embraced as his mother. Surprisingly, Lincoln did not relate well with his father. Lincoln had only 18 months of formal education but he was a keen reader and writer. He married in 1842 and later had four sons whereby only one survived to adulthood. (Sandburg, 2002). Lincoln started his political career by vying for Illinois General Assembly position in 1832 which he lost and joined the military during the Black Hawk war. In 1834, he was elected a State legislature and was influenced by the England law hence he joined law school. He was admitted to the bar in 1837 and moved to establish start practicing law in Springfield (Sandburg, 2002). He once labeled slavery as inhumanity which was based on bad policies when he was the leader of the Illinois Whig Party. He joined Republican Party in 1860 and was endorsed to r un for the presidency which he won with landslide victory later in the same year. After his win, secessionist’s movements sprung (Sandburg, 2002). His major goal was abolishment of slavery which he accomplished in 1862 by signing â€Å"emancipation proclamation† law. After the war, he initiated reconstruction of America by signing â€Å"homestead Act in 1862† where government land was sold to the poor citizens at low prices (Sandburg, 2002). Legal tender act of 1862 also created the first currency of US while the National banking Act of 1863 and 1865 formed the sound financial system which ensured economic growth and stability. He was assassinated by Confederate spy on 14th April 1965 and was pronounced dead the following day (Sandburg, 2002). Abraham Lincoln was friendly to other people since he trusted them. Lincoln has strong appreciation for the motivation of others. Lincoln was also honest hence this trait my have been influenced by his previous service to the country during the Black Hawk war. He maintained that integrity and truth was the basis of good character. Lincoln was also charitable since he occasionally purchased books for Phi Alpha Society hence this trait may have been influenced by his understanding of the sufferings of Americans during slavery time (Sandburg, 2002). Lincoln was a good listener hence this trait may have been influenced by his love for writing and reading. Each visitor to the White House was welcomed with appreciation and